Insomnia Essay - 1353 Words

Insomnia Insomnia is a common sleep disorder that plagues millions of people around the globe by not allowing them to sleep. Its severity can range between a couple of days to a couple of months, and is curable in most cases. In any given year, about one-third of all adults suffer from insomnia (Hendrickson 1). Insomnia itself is not a disease, but a symptom of an underlying mental or physical condition of the person. There is not a strict definition for insomnia, but it could be narrowed down to: a person not being able to sleep, having difficulty falling to sleep, or having trouble staying asleep. Medications are available for the treatment of insomnia, but they should not be used on a regular basis. Some thirty-five to†¦show more content†¦Many insomniacs try to hard to go to sleep. 2 They lie awake with thoughts buzzing around in their head making it difficult to fall asleep. Many people who experience insomnia become frustrated, making it even more difficult to fall asleep. After a while insomniacs begin to anticipate bad nights, which makes the condition worse. Of the physical causes, alcohol, cigarettes, and caffeine are the most common. Alcohol may make you fall asleep faster since it is a depressant, but it makes you sleep less soundly and you awake more frequently during the night. Nicotine and caffeine are both stimulants that cause you not to feel sleepy, thus causing you not to sleep well. Caffeine is commonly found in coffee, sodas, and tea (Appendix B). Since caffeine can stay in your body for up to twenty hours, a cup of coffee in the morning or a soda at lunch may greatly affect your sleeping. Caffeine is also found in chocolate and most chocolate products (Appendix A). Eliminating caffeine from your diet could solve your sleep problem even if your insomnia set in without increasing your caffeine intake. 3 Going without caffeine in your system will give you more restful sleep and you will feel more energized with less sleep (albert 88). 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Lunenburg, Fred C. Organizational Structure Mintzberg Framework Free Essays

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY VOLUME 14, NUMBER 1, 2011 Organizational Structure: Mintzberg’s Framework Fred C. Lunenburg Sam Houston State University ABSTRACT Henry Mintzberg suggests that organizations can be differentiated along three basic dimensions: (1) the key part of the organization, that is, the part of the organization that plays the major role in determining its success or failure; (2) the prime coordinating mechanism, that is, the major method the organization uses to coordinate its activities; and (3) the type of decentralization used, that is, the extent to which the organization involves subordinates in the decision-making process. Using the three basic dimensions —key part of the organization, prime coordinating mechanism, and type of decentralization—Mintzberg suggests that the strategy an organization adopts and the extent to which it practices that strategy result in five structural configurations: simple structure, machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisionalized form, and adhocracy. We will write a custom essay sample on Lunenburg, Fred C. Organizational Structure Mintzberg Framework or any similar topic only for you Order Now Organizations exist to achieve goals. These goals are broken down into tasks as the basis for jobs. Jobs are grouped into departments. Departments in organizations may be characterized by marketing, sales, advertising, manufacturing, and so on. Within each department, even more distinctions can be found between the jobs people perform. Departments are linked to form the organizational structure. The organization’s structure gives it the form to fulfill its function in the environment (Nelson Quick, 2011). The term organizational structure refers to the formal configuration between individuals and groups regarding the allocation of tasks, responsibilities, and authority within the organization (Galbraith, 1987; Greenberg, 2011) Very early organizational structures were often based either on product or function (Oliveira Takahashi, 2012). The matrix organization structure crossed these two ways of organizing (Galbraith, 2009; Kuprenas, 2003). Others moved beyond these early approaches and examined the relationship between organizational strategy and structure (Brickley, Smith, Zimmerman, Willett, 2002). This approach began with the landmark work of Alfred Chandler (1962, 2003), who traced the historical development of such large American corporations as DuPont, Sears, and General Motors. He concluded from his study that an organization’s strategy tends to influence its structure. He suggests that strategy indirectly determines such variables as the organization’s tasks, technology, and environments, and each of these influences the structure of the organization. More recently, social scientists have augmented Chandler’s thesis by contending that an organization’s strategy determines its environment, technology, and tasks. These variables, coupled with growth rates and power distribution, affect organizational 1 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY 2_____________________________________________________________________________________ tructure (Hall Tolbert, 2009; Miles, Snow, Meyer, Coleman, 2011). Henry Mintzberg (1992, 2009) suggests that organizations can be differentiated along three basic dimensions: (1) the key part of the organization, that is, the part of the organization that plays the major role in determining its success or failure; (2) the prime coordinating mechanism, that is, the major method the organization uses to coordinate its activities; and (3) the type of decentralization used, that is, the extent to which the organization involves subordinates in the decision-making process. The key parts of an organization are shown in Figure 1 and include the following. Strategic Apex Technostructure Middle Line Support Staff Operative Core Figure 1. The key parts of an organization. ? ? ? ? The strategic apex is top management and its support staff. In school districts, this is the superintendent of schools and the administrative cabinet. The operative core are the workers who actually carry out the organization’s tasks. Teachers constitute the operative core in school districts. The middle line is middle- and lower-level management. Principals are the middlelevel managers in school districts. The technostructure are analysts such as engineers, accountants, planners, researchers, and personnel managers. In school districts, divisions such as instruction, business, personnel, public relations, research and development, and the like constitute the technostructure. The support staff are the people who provide indirect services. In school districts, similar services include maintenance, clerical, food service, busing, legal counsel, and consulting to provide support. ? The second basic dimension of an organization is its prime coordinating mechanism. This includes the following: FRED C. LUNENBURG _____________________________________________________________________________________3 ? ? ? ? ? Direct supervision means that one individual is responsible of the work of others. This concept refers to the unity of command and scalar principles. Standardization of work process exists when the content of work is specified or programmed. In school districts, this refers to job descriptions that govern the work performance of educators. Standardization of skills exists when the kind of training necessary to do the work is specified. In school systems, this refers to state certificates required for the various ccupants of a school district’s hierarchy. Standardization of output exists when the results of the work are specified. Because the â€Å"raw material† that is processed by the operative core (teachers) consists of people (students), not things, standardization of output is more difficult to measure in schools than in other nonservice organizations. Neverth eless, a movement toward the standardization of output in schools in recent years has occurred. Examples include competency testing of teachers, state-mandated testing of students, state-mandated curricula, prescriptive learning objectives, and other efforts toward legislated learning. Mutual adjustment exists when work is coordinated through informal communication. Mutual adjustment or coordination is the major thrust of Likert’s (1987) â€Å"linking-pin† concept. The third basic dimension of an organization is the type of decentralization it employs. The three types of decentralization are the following: ? ? ? Vertical decentralization is the distribution of power down the chain of command, or shared authority between superordinates and subordinates in any organization. Horizontal decentralization is the extent to which non administrators (including staff) make decisions, or shared authority between line and staff. Selective decentralization is the extent to which decision-making power is delegated to different units within the organization. In school districts, these units might include instruction, business, personnel, public relations, and research and development divisions. Using the three basic dimensions—key part of the organization, prime coordinating mechanism, and type of decentralization—Mintzberg suggests that the strategy an organization adopts and the extent to which it practices that strategy result in five structural configurations: simple structure, machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisionalized form, and adhocracy. Table 1 summarizes the three basic dimensions associated with each of the five structural configurations. Each organizational form is discussed in turn. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY 4_____________________________________________________________________________________ Table 1. Mintzberg’s Five Organizational Structures Structural Configuration Simple structure Machine bureaucracy Professional bureaucracy Divisionalized form Adhocracy Prime Coordinating Mechanism Direct supervision Standardization of work processes Standardization of skills Standardization of outputs Mutual adjustment Key Part of Organization Strategic apex Technostructure Operating core Middle line Support staff Type of Decentralization Vertical and horizontal centralization Limited horizontal decentralization Vertical and horizontal decentralization Limited vertical decentralization Selective decentralization Simple Structure The simple structure has as its key part the strategic apex, uses direct supervision, and employs vertical and horizontal centralization. Examples of simple structures are relatively small corporations, new government departments, medium-sized retail stores, and small elementary school districts. The organization consists of the top manager and a few workers in the operative core. There is no technostructure, and the support staff is small; workers perform overlapping tasks. For example, teachers and administrators in small elementary school districts must assume many of the duties that the technostructure and support staff perform in larger districts. Frequently, however, small elementary school districts are members of cooperatives that provide many services (i. e. , counselors, social workers) to a number of small school districts in one region of the county or state. In small school districts, the superintendent may function as both superintendent of the district and principal of a single school. Superintendents in such school districts must be entrepreneurs. Because the organization is small, coordination is informal and maintained through direct supervision. Moreover, this organization can adapt to environmental changes rapidly. Goals stress innovation and long-term survival, although innovation may be difficult for very small rural school districts because of the lack of resources. Machine Bureaucracy Machine bureaucracy has the technostructure as its key part, uses standardization of work processes as its prime coordinating mechanism, and employs limited horizontal decentralization. Machine bureaucracy has many of the characteristics of Weber’s (1947) ideal bureaucracy and resembles Hage’s (1965) mechanistic organization. It has a high degree of formalization and work specialization. Decisions are centralized. The span of management is narrow, and the organization is tall—that is, many levels exist in the chain of command from top management to the bottom of the organization. Little horizontal or lateral coordination is needed. Furthermore, machine bureaucracy has a large technostruture and support staff. FRED C. LUNENBURG _____________________________________________________________________________________5 Examples of machine bureaucracy are automobile manufacturers, steel companies, and large government organizations. The environment for a machine bureaucracy is typically stable, and the goal is to achieve internal efficiency. Public schools possess many characteristics of machine bureaucracy, but most schools are not machine bureaucracies in the pure sense. However, large urban school districts (New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago) are closer to machine bureaucracies than other medium-size or small school districts. Professional Bureaucracy Professional bureaucracy has the operating core as its key part, uses standardization of skills as its prime coordinating mechanism, and employs vertical and horizontal decentralization. The organization is relatively formalized but decentralized to provide autonomy to professionals. Highly trained professionals provide nonroutine services to clients. Top management is small; there are few middle managers; and the technostructure is generally small. However, the support staff is typically large to provide clerical and maintenance support for the professional operating core. The goals of professional bureaucracies are to innovate and provide high-quality services. Existing in complex but stable environments, they are generally moderate to large in size. Coordination problems are common. Examples of this form of organization include universities, hospitals, and large law firms. Some public school districts have many characteristics of the professional bureaucracy, particularly its aspects of professionalism, teacher autonomy, and structural looseness. For example, schools are formal organizations, which provide complex services through highly trained professionals in an atmosphere of structural looseness. These characteristics tend to broaden the limits of individual discretion and performance. Like attorneys, physicians, and university professors, teachers perform in classroom settings in relative isolation from colleagues and superiors, while remaining in close contact with their students. Furthermore, teachers are highly trained professionals who provide information to their students in accordance with their own style, and they are usually flexible in the delivery of content even within the constraints of the state- and district-mandated curriculum. Moreover, like some staff administrators, teachers, tend to identify more with their professions than with the organization. Divisionalized Form The divisionalized form has the middle line as its key part, uses standardization of output as it prime coordinating mechanism, and employs limited vertical decentralization. Decision making is decentralized at the divisional level. There is little coordination among the separate divisions. Corporate-level personnel provide some coordination. Thus, each division itself is relatively centralized and tends to resemble a machine bureaucracy. The technostructure is located at corporate headquarters to provide services INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY 6_____________________________________________________________________________________ to all divisions; support staff is located within each division. Large corporations are likely to adopt the divisionalized form. Most school districts typically do not fit the divisionalized form. The exceptions are those very large school districts that have diversified service divisions distinctly separated into individual units or schools. For example, a school istrict may resemble the divisionalized form when it has separate schools for the physically handicapped, emotionally disturbed, and learning disabled; a skills center for the potential dropout; a special school for art and music students; and so on. The identifying feature of these school districts is that they have separate schools within a single school district, which have separate administr ative staffs, budgets, and so on. Elementary and secondary school districts that have consolidated but retained separate administrative structures with one school board are also examples of the divisionalized form. As might be expected, the primary reason for a school district to adopt this form of structure is service diversity while retaining separate administrative structures. Adhocracy The adhocracy has the support staff as its key part, uses mutual adjustment as a means of coordination, and maintains selective patterns of decentralization. The structure tends to be low in formalization and decentralization. The technostucture is small because technical specialists are involved in the organization’s operative core. The support staff is large to support the complex structure. Adhocracies engage in nonroutine tasks and use sophisticated technology. The primary goal is innovation and rapid adaptation to changing environments. Adhocracies typically are medium sized, must be adaptable, and use resources efficiently. Examples of adhocracies include aerospace and electronics industries, research and development firms, and very innovative school districts. No school districts are pure adhocracies, but medium-sized school districts in very wealthy communities may have some of the characteristics of an adhocracy. The adhocracy is somewhat similar to Hage’s (1965) organic organization. Strategy and Structure The work begun by Chandler and extended by Mintzberg has laid the groundwork for an understanding of the relationship between an organization’s strategy and its structure. The link between strategy and structure is still in its infancy stage. Further research in this area, particularly in service organizations like schools, will enhance school administrators’ understanding of school organizations (Lunenburg Ornstein, 2012). In the meantime, school leaders must recognize that organization strategy and structure are related. FRED C. LUNENBURG _____________________________________________________________________________________7 Conclusion Henry Mintzberg (1992, 2009) suggests that organizations can be differentiated along three basic dimensions: (1) the key part of the organization, that is, the part of the organization that plays the major role in determining its success or failure; (2) the prime coordinating mechanism, that is, the major method the organization uses to coordinate its activities; and (3) the type of decentralization used, that is, the extent to which the organization involves subordinates in the decision-making process. Using the three basic dimensions—key part of the organization, prime coordinating mechanism, and type of decentralization—Mintzberg suggests that the strategy an organization adopts and the extent to which it practices that strategy result in five structural configurations: simple structure, machine bureaucracy, professional bureaucracy, divisionalized form, and adhocracy. References Brickley, J. , Smith, C. , Zimmerman, J. L. , Willett, J. (2002). Designing organizations to create value: From strategy to structure. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Chandler, A. D. (1962). Strategy and Structure. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Chandler, A. D. (2003). Strategy and structure: Chapters in the history of the American industrial enterprise. Frederick, MD: Beard Books. Galbraith, J. R. (1987). Organization design. In J. W. Lorsch (Ed. ). Handbook of organizational behavior (pp. 343-357). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Galbraith, J. R. (2009). Designing matrix organizations that actually work: How IBM, Procter Gamble, and others design for success. New York, NY: Wiley. Greenberg, J. 2011). Behavior in organizations (10th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Hage, J. (1965). An axiomatic theory of organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 10, 289-320. Hall, R. H. , Tolbert, P. S. (2009). Organizations: structures, processes, and outcomes (9th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Kuprenas, J. A. (2003). Implementation and performance of a matrix organization structure. International Journal of Project Manageme nt, 21, 51-62. Likert, R. (1987). New Ppatterns of management. New York, NY: Garland. Lunenburg, F. C. , Ornstein, A. O. (2012). Educational administration: Concepts and practices. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Miles, R. E. , Snow, C. C. , Meyer, A. D. , Coleman, H. J. (2011). Organizational strategy, structure, and process. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press. Mintzberg, H. (1992). Structure in fives: Designing effective organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Mintzberg, H. (2009). Tracking strategies: Toward a general theory of strategy formation. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. Nelson, D. B. , Quick, J. C. (2011). Understanding organizational behavior. Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY, ACADEMIC, INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY 8_____________________________________________________________________________________ Oliveira, N. , Takahashi, N. (2012). Automated organizations: Development and structure of the modern business firm. New York, NY: Springer. Weber, M. (1947). The theory of social and economic organization. (trans. T. Parsons). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. How to cite Lunenburg, Fred C. Organizational Structure Mintzberg Framework, Essay examples

A Case Study Analysis - Toy Retailing Supply Chains

Question: Discuss how category management may contribute to the planning and control of different toy retailing supply chains. Answer: Introduction Toy Industry is considered as the worlds oldest creative industries. But the toy business is an extremely volatile business. It is seasonal in nature. The performance of the toy industry is different from other industries. The volatility in the toy industry is caused by the demands that are unpredictable in nature. The selling windows of the toys are very short and the life cycle of the products are very short. Thus it is known by the investors and the practitioners that the toy industry is far from tranquil. The toy industry incurs high costs on inventory which is obsolete, lost sales and mark down in comparison to other industries (Wong, Arlbjorn Johansen, 2005). The volatile condition of the toy industry has resulted in high level of scepticism and ambiguity in forecasting the future sales. Thus the supply chain management of the toy industry is different from other forms of industry. Since the toy industry is a volatile industry, its performance is different from the less volati le industries (Wong, Arlbjorn Johansen, 2005). Toys can be divided into various forms like the traditional form of toys like dolls, vehicles and there are new forms of toys like the video games. In the recent times it has been seen that the sales of the traditional toys has declined but the sales of the video games has increase tremendously. The supply chain in the toy industry consists of various components. They are the raw materials, suppliers, manufacturers of toys, distributers of toys and the sellers of toys. The consumers of toys purchase it from traditional channels such as departmental stores, supermarkets and the independent stores selling toys. The electronic channel of selling toys has not become significant. Category management is a new concept in the field of supply chain management. It is a concept of retailing and purchasing. In process the range of products that are purchased by the business organization are subdivided into discrete groups of related products. This is a systematic and disciplined approach in which a product can be managed as a strategic business unit. In the toy industry, category management will help in managing the entire process of the work efficiently (Jda.com, 2015). The business can be divided into several units and each business can be run as separate categories which can be run in an efficient manner. It makes the supply change process much simpler (Brien, 2012). It has altered the relationship between the retailer and the supplier. The traditional adverse relationship between the supplier and the retailer has improved as a result of category management (Graham, 2005) ; (PublishersWeekly.com, 2015). Problem Statement The traditional system of supply chain was based on the push based strategy where the goods are produced by the manufacturer and they are passed on to the supply chain without receiving any feedback and information regarding the specifications. This resulted in adverse relationship between the supplier and the retailer. There were gaps noticed between the supplier and the retailer and led to the wastage of the products. The traditional system of supply chain management in the toy industry created an imbalance between the demand and supply of the raw materials and the finished goods. This resulted in rise of cost of the manufacturer. The volatile toy industry suffered from reduced profit margin. The new supply chain is based on the pull strategy of supply chain. It is based on the accurate demands of the customers and proper feedback method. The supply chain management also receives feedback from the customers and the product can meet the demand of the customers. In the new system, supply chain is managed by the information technology. This makes the process simpler. This has helped to built strong network in the supply chain. The toy industry has been able to reduce the wastage of materials and improve their profit margin (Ray, 2015). The traditional system of supply chain in the toy industry has not being able to implement the modern aspects of supply chain management like the implementation of the CPFR, RFID. The toy industry has failed to implement strategy that will automate the supply chain process. The process of supply chain has to be interactive and dynamic in nature. This will reduce the volatility of the supply chain in the toy industry (Graham, 2005). The toy industry faces relentless changes and the unpredictable buying public. This creates challenges in anticipating the sellers and the volume of sales. The toy industry suffers from ailments in the supply chain. Other concerns of the toy industry are the short life of the product, rapid turnover of the product and demand for the toys are seasonal in nature (Hbr.org, 2015). The major risks of the supply chain disruptions of the toy industry are limitations of the capacity. The constraint in the capacity has been a major problem in the supply chain manag ement (Musa, 2012). Theories and models of category management in retail supply chain 8 step process of Category management in retail Category management is the system of breaking down of a range of products into discrete groups of similar products known as product categories for the purpose of purchase or sell. Fackler (2012) opined that the system is adopted to make the retail purchasing process systematic and disciplined. The retail organizations are able to manage the product category as Strategic business units. Developed by Partnering group, the 8 stage process of category management ensures the effectively management of the SBUs in the retail companies. Stage 1: Defining of the category (stating the inclusion or exclusion of products) Stage 2: Defining the role of the category within the retailer Stage 3: Assessment of the current performance Stage 4: Setting of selling objectives and targets for the category Stage 5: Devising of an overall strategy Stage 6: Devising of appropriate tactics Stage 7: Implementation Stage 8: Review of the whole process (Chi et al. 2013) Figure 1: Stages of category management (Source: Chi et al. 2013, pp 45) Modern concepts of category management The traditional category management is an old process and for the retailers to be successful in the new competitive retail segment the adoption of the new facets of category management should be implemented. The new stages of category management are namely category role and strategy, macro space allocation, financial budgeting, assortment planning, planogramming, price optimization, private brand development, promotion and joint business planning. Fowler Goh (2012) opined that the concept of holistic category management focuses on building of customer centric strategies for the separate categories of products. The retail organizations are also focusing on establishment of robust and easily repeatable category strategy development process so that the same can be implemented on any future product category.O'Brien (2012) further added that the use of the demographic data to frame strategies have been effective in making customer centric strategies. Impact of category management on supply chain process of retail sector Chiplunkar (2011) stated that usage of effective category strategies will ensure benefits for the retail sector in overall terms as well as supply chain sector. The retail market is a highly expanding market and hence to increase the demand for the products the use of the category management strategies are helpful for the companies. O'Brien(2012) opined that category management helps in following ways namely Reduction of purchase price Reducing supply chain risk Increased innovation in the supply chain process and commodity Management of customer demands by preparing specific category strategies for the products Integrated the suppliers in order of the type of products available from the suppliers which makes the management of the suppliers easier. For instance groping of suppliers supplying stationery, fuel and courier services under same group Helps in managing and exploiting of changing business conditions helps in savings of supply chain costs and improve the quality of service (Chiplunkar,2011) Strategic sourcing This is a part of the category management and is a continuous process of evaluation of the purchasing activities of a company. The process determines the companys current spending and makes assessment of the supply market.O'Brien (2012) added that the identification of the new suppliers for the products, negotiation with the suppliers and tracking of results are a part of this process. Figure 2: Strategic sourcing process (Source: O'Brien, 2012, pp-94) Customer and business requirements: The process analysis the market by conducting effective market research and integrates the customer requirements and business demands. Spend analysis: The process makes historical usage analysis, supplier analysis, critical nature of products, transaction cost analysis and supplier positioning analysis. Market analysis: The assessment of the market capability, cost analysis of supply chain, potential size of supply chain, relative positioning of the organization and analysis of individual market places helps the organizations to make effective decisions. Findings and Analysis In order to understand the effectiveness of category management, the secondary researcher has been used. The category management has helped in changing the behavior of consumer which positively affects the demand and increases brand loyalty. According to the data of Toy directory Monthly, the Wal-Mart has earned major benefit from the category management which helped in increasing the sale of toys. Toy Retail Company Sales (2010) Sales (2012) Wal-Mart 27% 31% ToysRus 16% 20% Target 13% 18% Kmart 8% 13% Amazon 11% 16% Others 22% 27% Therefore, it can be viewed from the above table that due to concentrating on the category management, the sales of the company has increased. The companies were able to improve their sales as they were able to improve the logistics indicators such as decreased outstanding orders, decreasing stock inventories and decreasing stocks breaks. Therefore, it helped the toy retailing industry to gain better sales. On the other hand, as per the report of Top500Guide.com, the online sales of children product that is toys have increased significantly. Toys E-retailers Rank 2010 online sales ($) 2012 online sales ($) Toys R Us Inc. 30 782000000 1100000000 Zulily Inc. 77 18000000 331000000 The Childrens Place Stores 112 143600000 215000000 The Mini Social 933 2321636 3343156 Albee Baby 497 13000000 18768388 Chelsea Scott Ltd. 306 43111064 46305000 CookieKids.com 549 4224240 15500000 BabyAge.com 320 38000000 43870000 Steals.com 550 10000000 15400000 Baby Earth 703 5197857 9000000 Childrens Wear Digest 546 13350000 15673523 Tea Collection 548 9500000 156000000 Therefore, it can be analyzed that, online retailer of children products were able to increase their online sales that helped in increasing their profit. The companies are better able to understand the buying patterns of the customers and needs of the children (Cpgcatnet.org, 2015). Therefore, many e-retailer companies are successful in generating high revenue. Toys E-retailers Rank 2012 monthly visits 2012 monthly unique visitors Toys R Us Inc. 30 37000000 12163838 Zulily Inc. 77 9000000 6901085 The Childrens Place Stores 112 6400000 2227767 The Mini Social 933 105000 32000 Albee Baby 497 297911 194777 Chelsea Scott Ltd. 306 1100000 500000 CookieKids.com 549 417978 286249 BabyAge.com 320 550000 400000 Steals.com 550 2700000 800000 Baby Earth 703 250000 200000 Childrens Wear Digest 546 200000 69326 Tea Collection 548 300000 150000 According to the above findings, the visitors or consumers are more interested to buy goods from online store. It is clear that for each e-retailer company, the unique visitor is high and this was possible due to implementation of category management. Apart from that, according to the report of John Atwill of EDA, it was seen that the company Energizer gained huge benefit in the year of 2013 due to category management. The company was able to increase its share on its categories of toys, battery and torch. Due to the incorporation of category management and innovative point of sale design, the company was able to increase their market shares from 61% to 78% (Toynews-online.biz, 2015). On the other hand, as per the survey of ECSIP Consortium, the sales of toys and games in UK have been impressive. Toys and Games 2011 Games and Puzzles 12% Infant and Pre-school toys 12% Construction toys 11% Dolls and Accessories 8% Outdoor and Sports Toys 48% The sales of different toys have been great as many toys retail chain followed category management which helped the customers to segment the desirable toys. On the other hand, the prices of the toys were reasonable and affordable. Therefore, it helped in increasing the customer attention and satisfaction. Apart from that, as per the report of Toy and Industry, it has been found that many toy retail chains such as Hamleys, Red5, John Adams Toys, etc are not following category management and because of that UK is way down at number 6th position in context to specialized toy retailers. Country Number of Specialized toy Retailers Germany 3742 Italy 3670 France 1691 Poland 1069 Netherlands 881 United kingdom 546 Belgium 508 The category management has increased the performance of retailers and manufactures in supplying the products to large number of consumers (Ecsipconsortium.org, 2015). The toy retail chain has improved and due to that toy retail companies are able to engage better profit margin and sales which is helping in increasing their market share and brand value along with customer base. In UK, the different toy retail companies are able to increase their annual turnover. Toys E-retailers Rank The Entertainer 23% Toymaster 20% Smyths 26% ToyTown 17% Toy Galaxy 20% Kiddicare 29% Therefore, it can be analyzed from the above table that different toys retail companies are able to improve their growth rate due to employing category management and it improved their supply chain and logistics and many consumers were able to receive their expected products on time (Zaroban, 2015). Thus, it can be observed from whole research that category management not only helps in providing quality and superior service but also helps in maintaining healthy relationship among retailers and suppliers. Conclusion The use of the category management process by the leading toy selling retail outlets of UK namely Wal mart, Amazon and Hamleys have helped the companies to manage the supply chain process effectively by selecting the appropriate suppliers for the product categories. The companies have also been able to show cost reduction in the supply chain process and improve the quality of the system. The allocation of the categories and appointment of separate managers for the allocated categories have also helped companies like Walt Disney to develop the toy business. The categorization has enabled these companies to make strong retail presences in separate categories and allocate the profit accordingly. Hence it can be concluded that the use of category management strategies enables the retailers to deliver the right product at the right place at right price and at right time. The category management in a toy shop ensures that the desired display space is provided by optimizing the visual merch andising of the shop. Moreover the use of the strategies helps to maintain required inventory and prevents the retail outlets from being out of stock. The identification of the product groups based on the consumer needs and purchasing habits ensures selling the right product to the right customers and ensures an effective assortment of the products. References Brien, J. (2012). Category Management in Purchasing: A Strategic Approach to Maximize Business Profitability. Chi, C., Maier, T. Gursoy, D. (2013). Employees perceptions of younger and older managers by generation and job category. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 34, pp.42-50. Chiplunkar, R. (2011).Product category management. New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill. Cpgcatnet.org,. (2015). Category Management Mastery: The key to growth. Retrieved 21 January 2015, from https://www.cpgcatnet.org/file_depot/0-10000000/10000-20000/17807/folder/114133/2013_Category_Management_Association_White_Paper--Category_Management_Mastery--The_key_to_growth1.pdf Ecsipconsortium.org,. (2015). Study on the competitiveness of the toy industry. Retrieved 21 January 2015, from https://ecsipconsortium.org/final-report-competitiveness-toys-ecsip-en.pdf Fackler, P. (2012). Category count models for resource management. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 3(3), pp.555-563. Fowler, D. Goh, B. (2012). Retail category management. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson Prentice Hall. Graham, G. (2005). Exploring supply chain management in the creative industries. Bradford, England: Emerald Group Pub. Hbr.org,. (2015). Learning From Toys: Lessons in Managing Supply Chain Risk From the Toy Industry - Harvard Business Review. Retrieved 21 January 2015, from https://hbr.org/product/learning-from-toys-lessons-in-managing-supply-chain-risk-from-the-toy-industry/CMR202-PDF-ENG#more Jda.com,. (2015). The New Age of Category Management - A Supply Chain Article from Real Results Magazine. Retrieved 21 January 2015, from https://www.jda.com/realresultsmagazine/view-article.cfm?did=2865 Musa, S. (2012). Supply Chain Risk Management: Identification, Evaluation and Mitigation Techniques. diva-portal.org. Retrieved 21 January 2015, from https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:535627/FULLTEXT01.pdf O'Brien, J. (2012). Category management in purchasing. London: Kogan Page. PublishersWeekly.com,. (2015). Book Reviews, Bestselling Books Publishing Business News | Publishers Weekly. Retrieved 21 January 2015, from https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/home/index.html Ray,. (2015). Supply Chain Management for Retailing. Toynews-online.biz,. (2015). Toy retail buyers guide 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2015, from https://www.toynews-online.biz/business-analysis/read/toy-retail-buyers-guide-2013/030665 Wong, C., Arlbjorn, J., Johansen, J. (2005). Supply Chain Management Practices in toy supply chains (20th ed., pp. 367-377). Zaroban, S. (2015). E-Commerce Leaders - How zulily built a $500 million e-commerce business in four years - Internet Retailer. Internetretailer.com. Retrieved 21 January 2015, from https://www.internetretailer.com/2013/11/26/how-zulily-built-500-million-e-commerce-business-four-year

Relationships between Gods and Mortals in Greco

The relationships between gods and mortals are one of the central themes of Greco-Roman mythology. Though gods and goddesses obtain the ultimate power and can rule over destinies of men, they not always are depicted as the voice of justice and sometimes use their might for satisfying their personal needs and compensating for the weaknesses of their character. The popularity of the theme of love affairs between the gods and the mortals can be explained with the peculiarities of the concept of divinity in Greeks and Romans.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationships between Gods and Mortals in Greco-Roman Mythology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Along with supporting humans during their wars and interfering into the earth conflicts, gods often fell in love with mortals though it was prohibited by the divine laws. On the one hand, it can be explained with the weakness of character of gods. On the other hand, re alizing their enormous power and lack of restraints, the divine creatures could be certain that they just could afford themselves violating the rules without fear of future punishment. There are a great number of examples when the relationships between gods and mortals ended as marriage-type of love. These include, for example, Ariadne marrying ,Dionysus, the Greek god of grape harvest and winemaking, Tithonus marrying Eos, the Greek goddess of the dawn, and Psyche marrying Eros (Cupid in Roman mythology), the god of sexual love. At the same time, there is a wide range of relationships between the gods and the humans without marriage, the so-called lust-type of love. These are the couples of the goddess Aphrodite and her young lover Adonis and relationships between Zeus and mortal women Alkmene, Semele, and Leda. The majority of god-mortal couples bore children who could become a Demigod or a hero. Hesiod, a Greek oral poet even compiled the prolonged lists of mortal women who had r elationships with gods and children who were born from divine and mortal couples. â€Å"Since many aristocratic families and even entire cities traced their lineages to these heroes, this extensive list acts as a bridge between the Theogony and the world of Hesiod’s audience† (Trzaskoma 131). Thus, looking for their forefathers in these lists, ancient Greeks and Romans rationalized the beliefs in their own divine origin. The representation of the love liaisons between gods and mortals in Greek and Roman myths removes the distinct line between the divine and mortal origin of heroes and changes the traditional interpretation of the concept of divinity as the voice of justice which is deprived of biases. Another interpretation of relationships between the gods and the mortals is presented in Euripides’ play Hippolytus in which Artemis as the goddess of chastity rejects to protect her human lover Hippolytus. As opposed to numerous examples of divine lovers who prote cted their favourites and interfered in the earth affairs, Artemis decides to take revenge on Aphrodite who kills her lover in future by killing Aphrodite’s next mortal favorite.Advertising Looking for essay on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The goddess of chastity admits that â€Å"This is the settled custom of the gods: no one may fly in the face of another’s wish: we remain aloof and neutral† (Euripides 69). This interpretation of the divine rules contradicts a plenty of examples from the Greek and Roman myths in which the gods and goddesses make attempts to ruin plans of other gods for the purpose of achieving their own goals. At the same time, one of possible explanations of Artemis’ choice can be found in the peculiarities of her sphere. The goddess of chastity is expected to follow the rules even violating her own interests. Still, this perspective on both the relation ships between the gods and gods and mortals is valuable for presenting the wide range of existing approaches to defining the concept of divinity in Greeks and Romans. As opposed to pure and innocent feelings of Artemis, the plot of another Euripides’ play Ion is based on lust kind of relationships between gods and mortals. According to the myth, the god Apollo raped Creusa and she bore a child Ion, one of the main protagonists of the play. Though these events are not depicted in the work, this background information is central for interpreting the following development of the events. The play depicts the destiny of Ion who does not know who his parents are till the end when the truth is disclosed. The theme of destiny of half-divine children who are sometimes regarded as bastards is central for the play because Apollo’s act ruined lives of several mortals, making them suffer. The Apollo-Creusa liaison can be considered as one of the most disgusting examples of lust kin d of relationships between the divine and mortal characters in all the Greek and Roman mythology which, however, adds new shades of meaning to the interpretation of the concept of deity by ancient people. Instead of separating the worlds of gods and mortals, Greek and Romans depict the numerous examples of liaisons between divine and human characters in their myths, expressing their unique views on deity and the weaknesses of gods. Works Cited Euripides, Moses Hadas, John McLean. Ten Plays by Euripides. New York: Bantam Books. 1981. Print. Trzaskoma, Stephen, Scott Smith, and Stephen Brunet (eds.) Anthology of Classical Myth: Primary Sources in Translation. Cambridge: Hackett Publishing Company. 2004. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Relationships between Gods and Mortals in Greco-Roman Mythology specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Relationships between Gods and Mortals in Greco-Roman Mythology was written and submitted by user Bryleigh H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Bio. Lab. Report Membrane Transport Essays

Bio. Lab. Report Membrane Transport Essays Bio. Lab. Report Membrane Transport Paper Bio. Lab. Report Membrane Transport Paper The glass slide is slowly lowered down on the epidermal layer using the needle; . The onion cells are examined through the microscope; 4. The structure of the onion cells is drawn as observed under the microscope. Results Observations: In the hypotonic solution the water will move from the solution to the onion cells which will become bigger. PART 2 1. The distilled water is removed using the filter paper; 2. A drop of 5% of sucrose solution is placed at a side of the cover slip and the solution across the epidermal layer is drawn by placing filter paper on the other side of the cover slip; 3. The onion cells are examined once again through microscope. The structure of the onion cells is drawn as observed under the microscope. In the isotonic solution, there is no difference in the similarity, no change in the cells sizes. PART 3 1. Repeat step (1 -3 of PART 2) using 30% of sucrose solution.

Whats Actually Tested on the SAT Reading Section SAT Reading Skills

What's Actually Tested on the SAT Reading Section SAT Reading Skills SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips "The more that you read, the more things you will know. The more that you learn, the more places you'll go." Heed the wise words of Dr. Seuss, and get reading! The more you practice reading SAT passages, the better you'll perform on the SAT Reading section. This article goesover everything on the SAT Reading section, including the new evidence-based and data interpretation questions, so you know exactly what to expect. First, how is the SAT Reading section formatted? Format of the SAT Reading Section Reading is the first section of the SAT. It's 65 minutes long, and asks a total of 52 questions. All of these questions are multiple choice and have four answer choices, A, B, C, and D. The questions are all based on passages- four individual passages and one set of paired passages. This chart shows the time, questions, and time per question on the Reading section. Section Time in Minutes # of Questions Time per question Reading 65 52 75 seconds You'll answer 10 to 12 questions on each passage or set of paired passages, and one or more of the passages might be accompanied by a graphic, like a chart, bar graph, or scatterplot. These passages will ask data interpretation questions that relate to the graphic. In addition to knowing how many questions you'll get on Reading and how long you have to answer them, you can also have a general sense of what the passages will be like. Read on for a full overview of the types of passages on the Reading section of the SAT. Types of SAT Reading Passages While you can't predict exactly where your passages will come from, you can know the genre from which each was selected. You'll get just one passage from U.S. or World Literature. Two will be from the field of History or Social Studies, and two with deal with Science. Each passage, or set of paired passages combined, will have about 500 to 750 words. As mentioned above, one or two of them will also feature a graph, table, or chart related to the content of the passage. Paired passages often discuss the same topic or theme, but approach it from a different perspective.Questions that go with paired passages will often ask you to compare or contrast, or to consider what one author would think about the other author's point of view. Beyond familiarizing yourself with the structure of the Reading section, you can prepare by learning about the different question types.We've identified eight. Eight question types, you say? Owl have to start studying! 8 Types of SAT Reading Questions College Board would probably never say its questions can be categorized by type. It suggests that students should take a holisticapproach and just try reading the passages the best they can. This kind of free-for-all approach won't take you veryfar, though. Through carefully analyzingthe test, we've found eight specific question types that appear throughout the Reading section. Below you'll find a description of each type, along with examples of each borrowed from College Board's official SAT practice tests. #1: Big Picture / Main Point Big picture questions ask you about the overall purpose or message of the passage. What's the passageabout? What's it trying to accomplish? Is the passage trying to inform, review, contradict, prove, parody, or hypothesize? What's the point, anyway? Here's an example of a big picture/main point question selected from College Board's SAT Practice Test #2. It actually refers to a set of paired passages, so it requires you to understand the main point of two passages. The main purpose of each passage is to A) compare brain function in those who play games on the Internet and those who browse on it. B) report on the problem-solving skills of individuals with varying levels of Internet experience. C) take a position on increasing financial support for studies related to technology and intelligence. D) make an argument about the effects of electronic media use on the brain. #2: Little Picture / Detail These questions will usually refer to a specific line or two within a passage and ask you about a specific detail. Every fifth line in the passage is numbered, so you should be able to locate a detail quickly. These questionsmight relate to function or author technique, which you'll learn about below, but they tend to refer to a particular line or phrase. This example of a little picture/detail question is also taken from SAT Practice Test #2. Check it out if you want to see the passage and remaining questions! Stanton uses the phrase â€Å"high carnival† (line 15) mainly to emphasize what she sees as the A) utter domination of women by men. B) freewheeling spirit of the age. C) scandalous decline in moral values. D) growing power of women in society. #3: Inference These questions ask you to interpret the meaning of a line, paragraph, or the whole passage. These won't be too subjective or ambiguous, as there can only be one correct answer. It can reasonably be inferred that â€Å"the strong-minded† (line 32) was a term generally intended to A) praise women who fight for their long-denied rights. B) identify women who demonstrate intellectual skill. C) criticize women who enter male-dominated professions. D) condemn women who agitate for the vote for their sex. #4: Vocabulary in Context Vocabulary questions ask you about the meaning of a specific word. Sometimes these words are actually pretty common, but they might be being used in an unusual way within the context of the passage. Like detail questions, vocabulary in context questions will refer you to a specific line within the text, like in the following example. As used in line 36, â€Å"best† most nearly means A) superior. B) excellent. C) genuine. D) rarest. As you're reading, remember that every word, phrase, and sentence has its own important function. #5: Function Function questions tend to be similar to detail questions, but they specifically refer to how a phrase or sentence works within a passage. They want to know what effect a detail has on the passage, like in the belowsample question. The analogy in the final sentence of Passage 2 has primarily which effect? A) It uses ornate language to illustrate a difficult concept. B) It employs humor to soften a severe opinion of human behavior. C) It alludes to the past to evoke a nostalgic response. D) It criticizes the view of a particular group. #6: Author Technique In addition to reading the text closely, you'll also want to think about how the author wrote. For these questions, you might describe the author's tone, style, voice, attitude, or perspective. As you read above, you'll typically get asked to compare author techniques in questions that follow paired passages. They tend to show up after single passages, as well. If the passage consists of prose, as in a passage from US or Word Literature, then these questions will ask about the narrator's style, purpose, or technique, as in the following example. During the course of the first paragraph, the narrator’s focus shifts from A) recollection of past confidence to acknowledgment of present self-doubt. B) reflection on his expectations of life as a tradesman to his desire for another job. C) generalization about job dissatisfaction to the specifics of his own situation. D) evaluation of factors making him unhappy to identification of alternatives. #7: Evidence Support Evidence support questions don't stand on their own. Rather, they refer back to any of the previous question types and ask you to provide evidence for your answer. Let's say you answer an inference question. Then you might get an evidence support question that asks you which lines within the passage provided the reason behind your answer. These evidence-support questions are common throughout the Reading section. Here's an example of an author technique question, followed by an evidence support question. 1. In the passage, the author anticipates which of the following objections to criticizing the ethics of free markets? A) Smith’s association of free markets with ethical behavior still applies today. B) Free markets are the best way to generate high profits, so ethics are a secondary consideration. C) Free markets are ethical because they are made possible by devalued currency. D) Free markets are ethical because they enable individuals to make choices. 2. Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to the previous question? A) Lines 4-5 (â€Å"Some... ethical†) B) Lines 7-10 (â€Å"But... about†) C) Lines 21-22 (â€Å"Smith... outcome†) D) Lines 52-54 (â€Å"When... way†) #8: Data Interpretation The final question type you'll encounter on the Reading section is data interpretation. These questions refer to graphics, like graphs and charts, and ask you to interpret the information presented therein. Often, data interpretation questions ask how the graphic relates to the passage. The graph in the example below accompanies a Science passage about ocean waves. There are actually three questionsthat ask about the graph, but I'll just show you two of them. 1. Which concept is supported by the passage and by the information in the graph? A) Internal waves cause water of varying salinity to mix. B) Internal waves push denser water above layers of less dense water. C) Internal waves push bands of cold water above bands of warmer water. D) Internal waves do not rise to break the ocean’s surface. 2. How does the graph support the author’s point that internal waves affect ocean water dynamics? A) It demonstrates that wave movement forces warmer water down to depths that typically are colder. B) It reveals the degree to which an internal wave affects the density of deep layers of cold water. C) It illustrates the change in surface temperature that takes place during an isolated series of deep waves. D) It shows that multiple waves rising near the surface of the ocean disrupt the flow of normal tides. You can see how these types of questions draw on certain reading comprehension skills, like your ability to interpret details and find the main point, to understand vocabulary in context, to analyze the sequence and flow of ideas, and to interpret the author's technique and purpose. Furthermore, the evidence support questions make sure that you're backing up your answers with evidence direct from the text. Being able to recognize the question type will help you draw on the right skills to answer it. It will also help you root out wrong answers and effectively use process of elimination to find the one 100% correct answer. Want to learn more about the SAT but tired of reading blog articles? Then you'll love our free, SAT prep livestreams. Designed and led by PrepScholar SAT experts, these live video events are a great resource for students and parents looking to learn more about the SAT and SAT prep. Click on the button below to register for one of our livestreams today! Let's talk about some other key strategies you can use to succeed on the Reading section of the SAT. Alright, cadet- ready to start basic training? How to Study for SAT Reading First off, you don't want to have any surprises on test day. Knowing exactly what to expect, in terms of the types of passages and questions, how much time you have, and what skills you need to demonstrate, is a great way to start preparing for the Reading section. So if you've made it this far in the article, then you've already completed an important first step in your SAT Reading prep! Read on for a few more tips for prepping for this first and longest section of the SAT. Speed Up Your Reading With five passages and 52 questions in only 65 minutes, the Reading section of the SAT asks you to cover a lot of ground and maintain focus for over an hour. Since you’ll get the Reading section in one big chunk, you’re responsible for balancing your time amongfive passages. You’ll have to read deeply yet efficiently and find that balance between working fast while still catching important details. If this feels scary to you, don’t despair! There are lots of reading strategies you can practice before sitting for the real test. Rather than trying to catch each and every word, for instance, you might pay most attention to the introduction, conclusion, and transitions between paragraphs, and skim the rest. Other students find it helps them to read the questions first, so they know what to look for. There are a few different strategies for reading the passages, so you should learn about them and try out each one. Everyone’s different, so you should choose the strategies that work best for you. The more you practice with timed tests, the more efficient you’ll become. Then when you actually sit down to take the real SAT, you’ll feel confident about managing your time and getting to all 52 questions before the proctor calls time. Search for Evidence The SAT is meant to test you on skills, not knowledge. You don’t have to know anything about a topic before answering questions on it on the Reading section. In fact, having pre-existing knowledge could even get in your way. Rather than asking you to recall facts and figures, the Reading questions are entirely based on passages. As such, your answers should be based directly on the words in front of you. When you choose your answers, make sure that you can point to specific lines as evidence that your answer’s the right one. The new evidence-based questions on the SAT are, in some sense, a blessing in disguise. They serve as a useful reminder that all of your answers should be based on the words in front of you. Evidence-support questions explicitly ask you to provide the lines that served as the basis of your answer to a previous question. Even if a Reading question’s not followed by one of these evidence support items, it’s a good idea to do the same sort of mental check. Ask yourself, what am I basing my answer off of? If you think you’re answering based on anything other than the words in the passage in front of you, then you might want to double check your thinking. Use Process of Elimination While some questions will be easier than others, most have at least one answer that’s obviously wrong. Using process of elimination to zero in on the most reasonable answer can be a helpful strategy in the Reading section, especially in situations where you feel unsure. While some questions may feel subjective because they ask you to make an inference or evaluate an opinion, they will always only ever have one 100% correct answer. All of the other answer choices, even if they seem reasonable upon first read, will be problematic in some way. If the right answer doesn’t pop out to you right away, try to use process of elimination to look for these errors in logic. It should help you narrow down your choices by at least one or two. If you really have no idea or are spending too much time on an answer, at that point, you could at least make an educated guess. The rights-only scoring means that you won’t lose any points with a wrong answer, so you have a better choice of upping your score than you would if you left it blank. Remember that words can be chameleons. They might look totally different in different contexts. Study Multiple Meaning Words You’ll find â€Å"words in context† questions after every passage on the Reading section. As you saw in the example above, these questions ask you to define or give a synonym for a word from the passage. The catch? You have to understand â€Å"how the word is being used† in a specific line. All of the answer choices might be reasonable synonyms for the word under consideration. You need to understand the connotation of the word in its particular context. You won’t encounter particularly obscure or high level vocabulary terms. Instead, the words will be relatively common, but they’ll likely have different meanings in different contexts. You can prepare for these questions by studying relevant vocabulary lists and sharpening your ability to divine the meaning of a word based on context clues. Brush Up on Literary Terms While you won’t encounter a ton of high level literary terminology- again, the Reading section is meant to test skills, not knowledge or memorization- you should be familiar with the basics. Review key terms like style, tone, attitude, and theme. Even more importantly, make sure you understand how to describe those parts of a work of prose or nonfiction. To answer these types of questions, you’ll need to be able to pick up on the theme, central argument, or overall tone of a piece of writing. Practice Data Interpretation As you saw above, one or more of the passages will be accompanied by a graphic. You’ll be asked to interpret data from a graph, chart, or table. You might get a bar graph, line graph, scatterplot, pie chart, or table, and you’ll need to know how to read it. Again, you won’t need preexisting knowledge on the topic, but rather the ability to comprehend information before you. You’ll find these data interpretation questions on College Board’s official practice tests and Khan Academy’s online program. You’ll also find them in prep materials from books or PrepScholar’s online program. If you feel like you’re running low on materials, you might try practicing with ACT Science questions. These will all represent scientific data, but they will give you practice interpreting data from graphics and relating it to accompanying passages. In fact, this skill will help you on the entire SAT, as you’ll find data interpretation questions on the Reading, Writing, and Math sections. Read Widely Finally, as the wise Dr. Seuss encouraged us, read daily and read widely to enhance your critical reading and comprehension skills. The Reading section doesn’t just give you prose passages as you might be used to in English literature classes. It also gives you scientific and historical texts that are nonfiction or argument-based. Practice reading from a variety of genres to get used to different styles. Taking timed SAT practice tests will also help you sharpen your reading skills and get used to switching quickly between subjects and writing styles. While it’s more difficult to measure, your reading skills will only improve through frequent practice. And being a skilled reader is what doing well on the Reading section of the SAT is all about! What's Next? Are you a big reader or looking to study the humanities or social sciences in college? If you're aiming for a top score, then you should check out these strategies by a perfect scorer for how to score an 800 in Reading. With 52 questions in only 65minutes, how are you going to balance your time between reading and answering questions? This article breaks down the best approach for reading the passages. Are you planning to take the optional essay section? This guide goes over exactly how to write an SAT essay, step by step. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points? Check out our best-in-class online SAT prep program. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your SAT score by 160 points or more. Our program is entirely online, and it customizes what you study to your strengths and weaknesses. Along with more detailed lessons, you'll get thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We also have expert instructors who can grade every one of your practice SAT essays, giving feedback on how to improve your score. Check out our 5-day free trial:

This I Believe Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

This I Believe - Assignment Example d to have to exercise a lot just to survive because catching or collecting the meals and then getting them ready to eat, plus taking care of a place of shelter and clothing used to take a lot of effort. Now we can go to the store for all the things we need and it doesn’t take so much effort to walk through the market. In the meantime, our body is still wanting to move and the muscles get stiff and tired when we don’t exercise. When we do exercise, though, the blood vessels open up and more nutrients get to our muscles so that they are not so stiff. The muscles get strong and can help to support our body so that we can do the things we want to do. If we don’t exercise, all the food and things that we put in our bodies just sits there and turns into fat. This is not attractive. We get extra rolls around our waists and our legs get big so that they rub together when we walk. We get extra chins and we don’t move so much because we are so uncomfortable. When people get really fat, they start to look like something else and this is definitely not attractive. We can’t fit into our clothes anymore and the clothes that we can fit into do not look good because they can’t force us into a better shape. Even when the clothes are specially made to ‘control the tummy’ or to shape the leg, they are not comfortable to us and we don’t like to wear them. We may feel like getting sweaty is not attractive, but getting too big is even less attractive. What’s most important about exercise, though, is that it makes us feel better. When our bodies are healthier and work better, we don’t get sick as easy and this helps us to feel better in all things. If we are not very fat, we don’t have a hard time moving around or doing the things that other people are doing and so we feel more like we can join in the fun. We don’t have to look like a movie star to feel like we are attractive if we are ‘in shape’ for our body style and we feel more confident

Evidence-Based Practices Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evidence-Based Practices - Essay Example The Role of Nurses in Research and EBP: Nurses are the frontline soldiers who meet with patients, conduct assessment reports, and they must research the best health solution applicable to each patient. Nurses, as actual practitioners, are also the best ones to conduct research studies, based on trends they may be seeing in their practices (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt 2011). Deductions can be made through the research involved in determining solutions, taking accurate records of treatment results, using clinical reasoning throughout the process, and providing outcome treatment results for either supporting current practices or providing a case for the need to change a current process. EBP Models Used in Hospitals/Clinics/Organizations: The model diagram below shows the typical process used in hospitals, clinics, and organizations on how medical practices use EBP as part of the common practice process for providing the best healthcare possible.  The Institute of Medicine’s Roundtable on Evidence-Based Medicine (IMREBM) addresses healthcare processes within a clinical setting to achieve best results in providing medical solutions. The group is made up of senior leadership from healthcare professionals, policymakers, researchers, third-party payers and patients (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt 2011). The emphasis is placed on efficiency in providing EBP in a timely manner, generating more evidence in supporting the most effective and valued healthcare strategies and, finally, developing best processes in disseminating healthcare evidence as part of educating the public (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt 2011; LoBiondo-Wood & Haber 2013).  The United States Preventive Se rvices Task Force (USPSTF) is an independent panel of experts who continuously review and recommend better practices in preventive services such as any type of medical screening, preventive medicines and best practices in counseling for the public.

The Century of the Self Essay Example for Free

The Century of the Self Essay The Century of the Self is a British documentary series in four episodes diffused by BBC four in 2002 and art house cinemas in the US. This documentary was written, realized, produced and directed by Kevin Adam Curtis, an English filmmaker, born in 1955. His work is more of a journalistic work than a director work; indeed his works are based on sociology, philosophy and political history. Adam Curtis won various awards like Golden Gate Persistence of Vision Award at the San Francisco International Film Festival in 2005 or the Alan Clarke Award for Outstanding Contribution to Television at the British Academy Television Awards but The Century of the Self is best-known work. The Century of the Self is a documentary talking about the untold and sometimes controversial story of the development of mass consumer society in Britain and the United States. It shows the evolution of the Western individual, traditional rights to the individual consumer, how that created consumer-king, by whom and for whose interests? This film examines how Freud’s theories of the unconscious shaped the development of PR and advertising; and why psychoanalysis may still appear today as a critical theory of consumerism and social conformity. The word  « consumerism  » can be defined in different ways: ? Refers to all doctrines, actions and organizations dedicated to the defense of the interests of consumers. The most common form of consumerism is the consumer association. His actions cover the areas of protection, information, education and the rights of consumers. Refers to an economic ideology. This is a consumer of goods and services that mutate according to the lifestyle of our society. This is a subtle and insidious notion that we then speak of consumer society. Consumerism is, as such, slammed since the late twentieth century, either by the environmental movement or anti- ads . The first episode of the series is devoted to the relationship between Freud and his American nephew, Edward Bernay. Bernay invented the public relations profession in the 1920s and was the first person to use Freuds ideas to anipulate the masses. He showed American corporations how to make people want things they did not need by linking mass production of consumer goods to their inner desires. Bernay was one of the principal architects of persuasive techniques in mass consumption, using all the tricks of legerdemain (â€Å"every trick in the book ), from celebrity endorsement and public relations blows most outrageous, until the autoeroticism. His most famous coup was breaking the taboo of smoking for women by persuading them that smoking was a symbol of independence and freedom. Bernay was convinced that it was more than just a way to sell more consumer goods. It was a new political idea to control the masses. Satisfying unaware that his uncle had identified irrational desires, people could be made happy and thus docile. To conclude I think the century of the self is the most profound documentary I’ve ever seen and it’s unique because of its ability to show how our society became the way it is today, what emerges is nothing less than a history of 20th-century social control. The Century of The Self explains not alone why the country is the way it is, but why you are the way you are.

Russia and World War I :: essays papers

Russia and WWI The administrative system of the Russian government has deteriorated greatly. The present government has lost the will power and confidence to carry on with this war at a successful rate. All Russians long for a more confident and able power to rule Russia at this moment of war. At the moment Russia needs a very strong leader to have authority over it. An organised managerial structure over the military would help immensely but disregarding Russia^s currents military status, the Tsar Nicholas II has dismissed the Supreme Commander in Chief and taken up the post himself. Even the Russian President of the Duma, Rodzianko has stated in an account to the Tsar, that his taking over of the position of Supreme Commander in Chief was an unwise action to take. Another problem facing Russian military at the moment is the lack of ammunition. Russian guns are sometimes limited to four shots per day or less. Only 12% of the machine guns needed are available. Fuel, and metals like copper and iron are scares, because of this shortage of metals, mills are finding it impossible to supply a sufficient amount of bullets and bombs ordered by the Central War Industries Committee to fight this war. At this rate, Russia will never even come close to defeating any of her enemies. Also, there is a very large shortage of barbed wire which is resulting in many deaths of soldiers in the trenches because of the lack of protection. Most of the time the trenches are flooded with water knee deep, so it is very difficult for the soldiers to lie down or sit down which again results in them getting shot or bombed. Many men are wounded and the lack of transport is depriving them from getting any medical support so again many are dying relentlessly. Because of the lack of ammunition, insufficient clothing and poor rations the soldiers are loosing their courage and will to carry on with the fighting. Unrest among the troops have developed and signs of mutinies are evident as soldiers are growing more and more tired of the war and anti-war propaganda has started among the troops. The underdevelop railways system is another problem which is adding to Russia^s plight. The railways system is so underdeveloped that it cannot handle the massive troop movements from one place to another. There is also a shortage in railway transport and due to this shortage of transport for civilian purposes such as the ransportation of food, has caused a bread shortage in the towns.

Misconceptions About Africa

Coming to America Paper In the movie â€Å"Coming to America† we can observe a wide variety of stereotypes, cultural differences, and language barriers throughout the movie. Now whether or not the stereotypes and cultural differences are accurate, it gives us a good idea of how America is difference then most countries around the world. In today’s world when people think of Africa they think of people who may not be as educated as Americans, and possibly people who grew up in the jungle or rainforest. When in fact â€Å"only a small percentage of Africa, along the Guinea Coast, Congo, and in the Zaire River Basin, are rainforests. Most of Africa's forests, like the forests of Europe and North America, have been cut or burned by humans to create farmland. † (MAA) We also witness language barriers come into play in the movie. When the Prince is trying to find a city in America to find his bride he says â€Å"what better place for a queen than Queen’s, New York†. When in all reality Queen’s, New York is known for being to have a relatively high crime rate and high poverty rate in 1988 when the movie was released, which in American culture, would probably not be the best place to find your â€Å"queen† or girlfriend. Cultural differences, language barriers, and stereotypes, come up quite often in the movie. The movie tries to show Americans in a somewhat comedic way how Africa and America have different cultures. The cultural differences in the movie also suggest that it may not be very easy to transition between the two cultures, because American’s and African’s may value different things greater in one country compared to the other. Stereotypes, cultural differences, and language barriers will always be around, but it is up to the people of the world to educate one another, and help them evaluate and understand their differences, which will in turn help the coexistence of nations throughout the world. Citations â€Å"Misconceptions About Africa. †Ã‚  African Studies Center, University of Pennsylvania. Ed. Ali B. Ali-Dinar. Web. 05 Oct. 2010. . (MAA)

Response Paper Essay

In Paths of Globalization from the Berbers to Bach, Yo-Yo Ma (2008) states that cultural conventions compose an important organization for personality, social steadiness and compassionate interactions in the globalized world. To support this statement, he came up with several ideas. Although globalization is always thought to make people obey to others’ rule and thus threaten their own identities, the interactions it brought don’t only damage culture, and can produce new culture and strengthen and propagate the old traditions. He also mentions that looking deeply inside the world’s conventions is a good method to discover the world. What’s more, he states that for traditions, a best method to survive is organic evolution, which need to use all available tools. The exhibition of a tradition to other countries can make practitioners in the home country more energetic. Finally, he talked about the four priorities of education that are significant but are uneasy to measure and could be ignored in this competitive hierarchical world driven by exams and measurable sequent, which are memorizing contents with communication, education driven by enthusiasm, the growth of a disciplined vision and sympathy. Among all the ideas, there are two ideas attract me. The first one is that globalization can create new culture, and the second one is that exhibiting a tradition in other country can energize the practitioners in the origin country. Both ideas are interesting to me and I would like to response to them. Response Yo-Yo Ma (2008) indicates that the reactions brought by globalization don’t always damage culture, they can also produce new culture and enhance and spread old traditions. I agree with this issue. A good example can be the American-Chinese food. With the globalization, the American fast food competitions with food in other culture and exposed some shortcomings like unhealthy. However, fast food developed and quickly absorbed the advantages of its opponents, for example, Chinese food, and developed a new type of food known as American-Chinese food. A great example can be the famous dish Beef w. Broccoli. This dish, is a typical American Chinese dish. It combines the convenience of fast food and the balance between vegetable and meat of Chinese food. This is a good example of new culture created by globalization, and no doubt that the fast food culture grown stronger in  this example. Yo-Yo Ma (2008) also mentioned that the presentation of tradition in foreign country can enhance the practitioners in its homeland. I also agree with this idea, since I myself can relate to it. Confucius is an educator in ancient Chin, and his theories is one of the most famous Chinese traditions. However, as time passed many people seem not to care Confucius’ theory. However, when the news shows that the Confucius Institution made huge success in America, the people in China gained passion on Confucius. This shows how the present of tradition could abroad could enhance the development of it in the origin country. Conclusion As a conclusion, in these situations, the globalization have effects such as create new culture and help traditions develop. I highly agree with Yo-Yo Ma’s thesis that globalization have a positive effect on traditions.

Emiliano Zapata

Emiliano Zapata was born on August 8, 1879, in Anenecuilco, Mexico. He was the ninth of 10 children of Cleofas Salazar and Gabriel Zapata, who worked a plot of land in the village and also raised cattle and horses. Emiliano was an orphan by age 16. He was a Mexican revolutionary. The family was not poor, but luxuries and comforts were few. Emilianos father taught him to ride a horse at a young age and his uncle taught him how to use a firearm. These things he learned from his family provided skills that would help him for the rest of his life. At the age of 7 young Emilianos father sent him to school. Emiliano took advantage of his situation and learned to read and write, he also developed an interest in Mexican History. When Emiliano was 9 years old, he saw his father cry because the government had unfairly reserved communal lands. Zapata swore that this would not happen again, and the future leader grew to see his dream of the Agrarian Reform be fulfilled in his native state. Land was always a concern and ever since the sixteenth century sugar boom, haciendas were sprouting up all over the state. Zapata was raised on oral traditions of the long elemental struggle of his people against the hacendados. Growing up he had asserted himself against the hacendados, and because of this he was known to the authorities as somebody to keep an eye on. It was estimated by 1909, 28 hacendados controlled 77% of Morelos. In 1897 he was arrested for protesting against the farmers assuming of communal lands. In 1909 he declared the grievances of his fellow peasants, and was elected president of the board of defense for his village. On March 10th 1911, Emiliano and 72 peasants from Morelos proclaimed the beginning of their revolution. Their slogan, Land and Freedom, has been perhaps most famous of Zapatas phrases. One week later he entered Cuernavaca with 5,000 men.

Article Rebuttal Essay Example for Free

Article Rebuttal Essay Essay Topic: Art , African American Choose cite format: APA MLA Harvard Chicago ASA IEEE AMA Barack Obama (128) , rebuttal (10) For the past 17 months, shown on every television news channel across the United States. The case of George Zimmerman, and the shooting death of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin. Like every year, the media will take a case and publicly turn the story into a circus. The rebuttal article for this paper is a story written by Oliver Knox of Yahoo.com titled, â€Å"Obama: Trayvon Martin could have been me 35 years ago.† Further discussion will analyze the reliability, credibility, and validity of the data used by Oliver Knox, and identify any logical fallacies in the argument. The article is about President Barack Obama making his first public comments on the George Zimmerman acquittal. The president stated that many African Americans believe the outcome and aftermath of the trial would have been different if Trayvon Martin had been white. The president later stated that when he first heard about this story, his thoughts said this could have been his son (Obama, 2013). Then getting more personal by saying this could have been me 35 years ago (Obama, 2013). By using personal experiences, the president discussed his life as a young African American dealing with racism in the United States. I find that the reliability, credibility, and validity of this article and author Oliver Knox highly trusted, convincing, and believable. News articles written and posted by Yahoo.com reports a straightforward message to their audience. Reporting stories down the middle, never too left or right with the occasional bias author either for or against a particular topic. Keeping political views down to a minimal. This particular article matches other similar articles written on the same news story. Second, Oliver Knox wrote the story on the statements and words of the president as he addresses the American public. Third, the genuine author of this story is President Barack Obama himself, Oliver Knox just wrote his statement. The audience that the president focused on in his address is the African American people. Using his own personal experiences, the president can relate to the ongoing outrage of the African American  public. President Obama feels the pain and disappointments of the outcome of the case. Because of this story first came out 17 months ago, many logical fallacies surfaced about this case. First, the media leaned toward a killing of an innocent young 17-year-old boy, minding his own business. Then showing a photo of this boy at the age of 12. Then here comes George Zimmerman, looking for trouble and looking for a fight by picking on a young African American boy. Would the story stay the same if George Zimmerman was African American with the same outcome, the public will never know what happened that night. Meanwhile, the story set the tone for future stories about this case. Raising the question about race possess anything to do with the incident between George Zimmerman and Trayvon Martin. The logical fallacies of this article happened when President Obama expressed his concerns and personal experiences with the American people. This incident could easily be him 35 years ago as a young person dealing with racism in America. Concern that African Americans think that this case developed on race. A belief in the legal system would have a different outcome if Trayvon were white. Even after juror number B37 came out stating that race had no issue to the outcome of the case. Both the jury and legal experts stated that Zimmerman and Trayvon made poor judgment the night, which led to the death of Trayvon. Statements by the jury referring the only reason for Zimmerman’s acquittal because the way the â€Å"stand your ground† law is written. This article also provided some good highlighted points. The president encouraged his audience to support and encourage the young people of this country by helping them achieve and succeed in life. To be more influential and guide them on the right track. If the young people do not have the support from family, friends, neighbors, and the community, who will help them stay on the righteous path (Obama, 2013). This news article written by Oliver Knox and other journalists in this country, reporting the feelings and concerns addressed by this nation’s leader. Stating the issue of racism still lives in the lives of some American people. Relating to his own personal feelings on racism and demanding change to overcome these barriers. So the people, as a nation will never see another George Zimmerman and Trayvon Martin case again. References Knox, O. (2013). Obama: Trayvon Martin ‘could have been me 35 years ago’. Yahoo New.com. We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Media Assigment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Media Assigment - Essay Example This paper stresses that as per Alberta Human Resources and Employment, for such a dynamic profile of the job, editors may exhibit the following characteristics: and ambition, excellent writing and research skills, the ability to criticize effectively, organization and time management skills, decision-making and leadership skills, the ability to work well under time pressure. As the report declares the editors are required to plan, coordinate work with other, analyze information, solve problems and negotiate with writers and others. The job is multidisciplinary in nature with persons from a variety of backgrounds qualifying as editors. Citing the case of newspapers, there are written statements to define ethical standards. The job of journalists is to gather information, to validate it, and also to sort facts out of a mass of information, not only voluminous but often unintelligible. This process of selection and synthesis implies choices which will alter reality. People often blame the media for over-simplification and lack of nuances. But efforts at simplification are part of the job. Almost by definition, to inform is also to deform. News describes information that is new. The concept has a deep meaning because it implies that what is not new, or different, or significant is not news. By definition, news is a breach of continuity and a breach of normal ity as may be describable by events such as crises, fights and changes that are not part of normal daily life.